Securing the Peace

1. Why did Woodrow Wilson not take any Republicans with him to Europe for the Peace Conference?

Wilson had political differences with Lodge, a republican, and refused to bring any republicans because of that.

2. Why was Wilson welcomed in Paris?

The war-weary europeans welcomed Wilson because they thought he would bring peace to the post-war era.

3. The idea of self-rule, which Wilson advocated, was not included in the Treaty to the extent Wilson had hoped. Why not?

France, Italy, Japan and Britain were all determined to keep their land and add more from the land of the Central Powers so they were not in agreement with Wilson's self-rule idea.

4. The Allied Big Four - Wilson, Lloyd George, Orlando, and Clemenceau - discussed the question of whether to invite the conquered Germans and the new Russian Bolsehvik government to the Versailles Conference and its negotiations but decided against it. Was the decision justified? Explain your reasoning.

The decision wasn't justified. The countries should have been invited. They weren't invited because France was angry at Germany and the Big Four were afraid of Russia's governament, which is not a valid reason for not having the countries present.

5. Which Big Four leader showed up at the Paris Conference with the most strenght to influence the proceedings? Which was the weakest? Why?

Britain and France were the most powerful countries at the time and had the most influence. And Italy was weak so it had a small influence along with America who had a small influence because of his peace ideas.

6. Why did Wilson have such difficulty seeing his Fourteen Points written into the Peace Plan?

He had a hard time because the European countries thought that Wilson was being commanding and like "Almighty" forcing 14 points onto them. He noticed he would have to compromise for them to agree.

7. Explain Article X of the League of Nations Covenant. What problems with the covenant did some Americans have?

Certain Americans didn't agree with theArtical X. Article X said that all states would respect the teritorial bondaries. German-Americans said that the article was to harsh on Germany, other european-americans also thought their country had the unfair advantage.

Woodrow Wilson Fights for Peace

1. What was Wilson's 14th Point?
League of Nations: International Organization
2. What terms of the treaty specifically affected Germany?
That germany had to pay off the debt they owed the allies and they couldn't refuse the treaty or the war would still go on.
3. What were the weaknesses of the treaty?
war-guilt clause solely blaming germany for WWI.
4. Why did Henry Cabot Lodge object to the treaty?
he wanted the treaty to let Congress declare war.
5. How did Wilson help bring about the Senate's rejection of the treaty?
he put on alot of speeches and traveled to try to convince people.
6. What circumstances at this time would eventually lead many Germans to support Adolf Hitler?
Because they are angry and wanted revenge.
7. Who is George Clemenceau?
Wanted to prevent invasions on France.
8. Who is David Lloyd George?
British Prime Minister.
9. Describe the participation of Russia at the peace conference.
Russia was not allowed to particapate because they are communists.

WWi The war at home

What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws?
1. War Industries Board
Told companies to use mass production to increase efficiency.
2. Railroad Administration
Controlled railroads.
3. Fuel Administration
Controled and lowered fuel ammounts.
4. National War Labor Board
Workers who refused could lose draft exemptions and improved factories.
5. Food Administration
Told people to cut down on food.
6. Committee on Public Information
To advertise the war (propaganda)
7. Espionage and Sedition Acts
If someone was disloyal or interfeared with war effort they were fined and sent to jail.
Briefly explain why Bernard M. Baruch and George Creel are significant historical figures.
Baruch was leader of the War Industries Board and Creel was had of the committee on public information

The US enters WWI

. How did the United States raise an army?
Through the Selective Service Act.
2. How did U.S. soldiers help win the war?
They told the British to do the convoy system.
3. What were the estimated economic costs of the war?
Polluted water, dysentary, filth, lice, poisonous gas.
4. What did the war cost in terms of the number of civilian deaths; military deaths?; injuries?; and refugees?
11 million civilians; 48,000; 200,ooo; 10 million
5. Define armistice.
Truce

World War I Begins

1. What are the four main causes of World War I? Give an example for each as to why it was a cause.
Militarism because the European counties all wanted to keep even with eachother in the ammount of weapons. The alliance sysytem because there became two different rival alliances. Imperialism because every country wanted more land and nationalism because they all thought they were the best country.


2. How did the June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand become the spark for WWI?
Because Austria declared war on Serbia and a chain reaction occured and all the countries became in war with eachother.


3. What happened within the first few months of fighting?
Everyones plans went wrong, especially the German's.


4. Generally, why did the United States want to stay out of the war?
To save their children from warfare and to set an example of peace to the world.


5. Specifically, Why did the following groups of Americans tend to oppose U.S. participation in the war? Naturalized citizens; socialists; pacifists; parents.
parents didn't want their children to die at war. pacifists wanted to have peace. Socialists said it was imperialiistic between Britain and Germany over Africa and China. Citizens didn't want to interupt trading.


6. How did Germany respond to the British naval blockade of Germany’s ports? What was the U.S. response?
The Germans said they would sink all U.S. ships going to Britain and U..S. responded by joining the war.


7. What forced the United States into the war?
So Germans would stop sinkig their ships.

America as a World Power

1. What role did President Roosevelt play in ending the Russo-Japanese War?

He played the role of a world leader.

2. What events led to the building of the Panama Canal? What happened regarding Columbia? (Be specific)
The U.S. had to get persmission from Columbia, then there was a Panamanian rebellion, and then the U.S. agreed and signed a treaty to give money to Panama for renting the land.


3. What did the Roosevelt Corollary state?
That the United States would use force to protect its economic interests in Latin America.


4. How did Taft use Dollar Diplomacy to enforce the Roosevelt Colollary on Nicaragua? (Be specfic)
The Taft administration guaranteed loans made to foreign countries by American business people.


5. Why did Woodrow Wilson invade Mexico?
Wilson invaded Mexico because the common people of the country were poor while the landowners and politicians had gotten rich from owning investments in Mexico.


6. What were three major foriegn policy goals achieved by the United States in the early 20th century. Be sure to provide an example or two of each.
The Roosevelt Corollary, ex: protecting Latin American economic interests
Dollar Diplomacy, ex: to keep European powers out of the Caribean
Paying Panama, ex: for the Panama Canal

Imperialism's Bitter Fruit

Questions for Epilogue: Imperialism’s Bitter Fruit (pages 32-37)

1. a. After the Spanish were forced out of the Philippines, why did fighting break out between American and Filipino forces?
Filipinos were fighting for their independence.

b. How was this a different kind of warfare for American forces?
They faced a quick-striking guerrilla moement that they were not used to.

2. Why were many African-Americans strong critics of the war against Filipino nationalists?
they were critical of the racist attitudes towards Filipinos and generated little of the pride.

3. Explain two reasons why the United States lost some of its enthusiasm for imperialism in the early 1900s.

a. Would increase war around the world.

b.The fight for the Phillipenes was dirty and unjust.

4. What were the positive effects of American occupation in Puerto Rico and Cuba?
They gained naval bases and agreements with the territories.

5. After the Spanish-American War, the United States insisted that Cuba only receive independence after agreeing to several limitations set forth in the Platt Amendment. Four restrictions on Cuban independence set forth in the Platt Amendment were:

a. the right to oversee Cuban economy

b.veto power over Cuban foreign policy

c. intervene whenever necessary

d.naval base in Guantanomo Bay

Was the United States justified in making these demands? Explain your reasoning.
Yes because they gave cubans independence and all they had to do was agree with 4 demands.
6. Do you believe the United States was imperialist? Why or why not?
I Think they tried to become imperialists but then noticed it was a strenuous and difficult job and also unjust to the countries so the U.S. withdrew from trying to be imperialists.

Title: Spanish-American War Labels: Imperialism, McKinley, TR, Hawaii, S-A_War, Guam, Philippines, Mahan, NavyYour answers are due by 12:25 p.m. on Nov. 2. Questions for Part II—The Spanish-American War
1. What connections did the U.S. have to Cuba in the late 1800s? List at least two.
They were big in sugar plantaions and helped smuggle weapons into Cuba.
2. What were the Spanish “reconcentration camps”?
Towns policed by Spanish troops that lacked inadequate food, water, housing and sanitation.
3. List three reasons why the United States went to war with Spain in Cuba.
a. sugar plantations
b. sympathyed with Cuba
c. military control
4. Which do you believe was the most important reason? Why?
Military because they could then protect the nation in that area.
5. What did the Teller Amendment say?
Stated that the U.S. had no interest in control over Cuba and would leave after peace was restored.
6. Why was a portion of the Spanish-American War fought in the Philippines?
Dewey, commander of a Pacific fleet was sent to fight there.
7. Dewey’s victory in the __________________Philippenes______ sparked an outpouring of ______pride_______ in the United States.
8. Why did Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders want to fight in Cuba?
Because of the pride Dewey got in the Philippenes.
9. a. Why were many African-Americans eager to serve in the Spanish-American War?
An oppurtunity to elevate the status of blacks in the U.S. and win them some respect.
b. What forms of discrimination and prejudice did they encounter?
Not allowed to fight in Cuba and were rejected by many states.
10. How did racism influence American perceptions of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines? Give two examples of events where racism affected U.S. policy after the war.
a.Americans thought they were stupid because they were not Anglo Saxon and were not fit to take care of themselves.
b. They thought that the Americans would be better off leading them so they should take over their land.

imperialism: the origins of global power

1.Why did American plantation owners and U.S. Marines topple Hawaii’s queen in 1893? Why was Hawaii considered to be a valuable prize? What was President Grover Cleveland’s reaction? Do you agree or disagree with his quote on page 1?
They toppled Hawaii's queen because the American plantation owners' favored bringing the island under U.S. control. Hawaii was considered a valuable prize because it is in the middle of the Pacific and a lot of American ships stopped there while going west. Cleveland withdrawed the treaty because he believed it was against American values. I disagree because the U.S. should take over land if they want to and not matter if it is against their values.
2. Identify five important changes that transformed American in the nineteenth century. How did these five changes affect Americans?
Population growth, economic expansion, immigrants, urban growth and trade. These changed the ways of American life because 1/3 of people lived in cities and were not as big into farming. Trade was big and a lot of help with the immigrants.
3. How did the economic depression that began in 1893 deepen the divisions in American society? Which groups suffered the most during the depression?
Workers in the railroads, banks and businesses that got bankrupted suffered the most. It deepened the divisions because workers realized that they were vulnerable in an econonmy based on industry and manufacturing.
4. What were the values many Americans attached to the frontier? Why did many Americans fear that the closing of the frontier would harm America’s national character?
Americans said it was bravery, ingenuity, individualism and patrisim. They thought that closing the frontier would cause harm on their future by not having untapped racources and that economic classes could spark tension. Also that the country had reached its phsical limits.
5. Why did some Americans suggest greater involvement overseas?
They saw the millions of potential consumers and could be an outlet for the surplus of American food.
6. What policy did expansionists say would ensure the economic success of the United States? What did imperialists say?
Expansionists said that ports to service American ships and open doors to foreign markets was sufficient. Whereas imperialists said that the U.S. should have a sizable overseas empire.
7. How did the theories of social Darwinism and scientific racism lend support to the cause of American imperialism? How were these pseudo-scientific theories used to justify racist policies and imperialism? Are they still used today?
They showed that whites are superios and should rule the world becauser they are smarter and have a better mind for power. They were used to justify imperialism because Americans would claim that they were smarter than others and take over their land saying they were helping them They are still not used today.
8. What did many Protestant churches say was America’s role in the world?
That Americans were especiallt blessed and were ment to civilize the world.
9. Why did the United States become involved in several Latin American nations in the nineteenth century? Summarize why the United States became involved in Samoa, Hawaii, and other Latin American nations.
They were "civilizing" other parts of the world. Samoa was portioned between coutries becuae they wanted access to the harbour. The U.S. wanted Hawaii for the harbour as well and to control the Pacific.
10. Why was the United States concerned about British involvement in Venezuela? What concept did U.S. Secretary of State Richard Olney invoke in response?
The Americans did not want Britains to carve up latin America into coloines like they had to Africa. Onley invoked the Monroe Doctrine in response.

Spanish-American War (1898)

Directions: As you read about the Spanish-American War, write notes to answer the questions about its causes and effects.
Causes: How did each of the following help to cause the outbreak of the Spanish-American War?
1. American business owners
American capitalists invested millions in large sugar cane plantations and so urged Cuba to break away from Spain.
2. José Martí
Marti organized Cuban resistence against Spain, using guerilla tactics and destroying sugar mills and plantations of the Americans.
3. Valeriano Weyler
Weyler forved Cubans into concentration camps attempting to crush the rebellion.
4. Yellow journalism
Yellow journalism was the Americans exagerated news of Cuban stories trying to get Americas' sympathy for the rebels.
5. De Lôme letter
A letter published in a newspaper where De Lome criticized the American President, this embarassed the Spanish government and angered the Americans.
6. U.S.S. Maine
The Spanish blew up the ship U.S.S. Maine which was bringing home Americans from danger in Cuba, the Americans were apalled.

Effects: What happened to each of the following territories as a result of the Spanish-American War?
7. Cuba
Cuba was freed by Spain.
8. Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico was released by Spain to the United States.
9. Guam
Guam was turned over by Spain to the United States.
10. Philippine Islands
The United States bought the Philippine Islands for $20 million.

U.S. Imperialism Begins

1. Name at least five factors that fueled American Imperialism.
Five factors that fueled American Imperialism are the technology factor, economic factor, nationalist factor, military factor and the humanitarian and religious factor.
2. Choose two of the above five factors and describe them in your own words.
The miliatary factor is a good reason for American Imperialism because navies need naval bases worldwide for better American safety. The economic factor is a good reason because manufacturing nations need more natuaral recources and marketing.
3. What was known as “Seward’s Folly” and why?
The purchase of Alaska was known as "Seward's folly" because it was such an expensive purchase and people thought it was unnecessary to buy Alaska for $7.2 million.
4. What plantation-based product accounted for three-quarters of Hawaii’s wealth in the mid-19th century and who controlled this product?
The American's owned 3/4 of the island's wealth of sugar.
5. Using as much detail as possible, outline the sequence of events that led to America gaining possession of Hawaii? In other words, why was the United States interested in these Pacific islands?
The United States was interested in the Pacific Islands because whatever country had control over the islands had the most control over the Pacific. The U.S. knew that Britain might try to take over it too and they also thought China might but the U.S. wanted it for the naval base in Pearl Harbour and the economic control of the Pacific.

Progressive Era presidents taft and Wilson

1. How did William Howard Taft get selected to run for president?
He was handpicked because he was the secretary of war by Roosevelt, who didn't want to run for reelection.
2. How did Teddy Roosevelt come to oppose Taft for the presidency in 1912?
When Roosevelt had decided to run for a third term as president Taft was the incumbent. At the Republican convention Taft supporters replaced Roosevelt delegates with Taft delegates in numerous delegations. Whereas Republican progressives refused to vote and created the Bull Moose Party.
3. What events helped Woodrow Wilson win the election in 1912?
After the division of the Republican party between Taft and Roosevelt giving Democrats more percentage of the nation's votes.
4. What legislation did Wilson use to attack trusts and monopolies?
Wilson created the Claytpn Antitrust Act and the Federal Trade Commision that were both important antitrust measures. He also made a new tax system in which in effort to curb big business' power by reducing tariffs.
5. What was the Nineteenth Amendment?
The Nineteenth Amendment grants women the right to vote.
6. How did America's entry into World War I affect the reform movement?
With the country involved with the war they were to preoccupied to keep focusing on reform and put all of their effort and ideas into the war.

Child Labor Reform Photographs

Objective Assessment


As you view each photograph take note about what you see. (note people, background, objects) Pretend you were describing the image to someone who could not see it. Try to avoid making judgments.

Where are these children? List any clues relating to their surroundings.
Describe any tools or objects you see.
Describe their clothing. What do their clothes reveal about their work?

Subjective Assessment


What questions do you have about each of these photographs?
Based on your observations, list three things you might infer about the lives of these children. (Be sure to consider Hine's notes about the photographs when considering this.


Photograph A
Objective: She is a little girl working at a spinning mill and there is a long row of spinning machines next to her. there isn't anyone else in the picture. her clothes look dirty and her hair is messy and dirty too. The girl looks mature for her height.
Subjective: Where are all of the other workers? How old is she really? Why is she allowed to work is she isn't of proper age? I infer that she comes from a poor family and needs the money to get food for her and her family. Also that she does know her true age but feels that has nothing to do with the fact that she needs money.
Photograph B
O-This is a photo of five girls working at Bibb Mfg. Co. the two on the left look tired and bored. the girl in the middle looks angry and the girl to the right of her looks annoyed by the camera. the girl on the far right has a sweet smile. They all have dirty hairs.
S-Why is the girl in the middle so angry? how long is their work day? I infer that these girls all come from a poor family. they are all working to raise money for food and to help out their families. Having a picture taken of them is a big deal because they probably couldn't afford cameras.
Photograph C
o-There is a young small girl alone in a mill. the mill looks untidy and the girl looks scared and lonely towards the camera.
s-Where are the other workers? How old is she? Her life seems like that she wanted a job to help out for her family. the overseeer didn't want to stop her if she wanted a job because he can always use more workers.
Photograph D
o-A young small boy is standing on the side of a street holding newspapers and there a people walking by him on the sidewalk.
s-Why does he look scared? What is his family life like? I infer that the boy sells newspapers to make some money. He looks sad and scared of all the adults walking by him. He is probably afriad that someone will steal a newspaper and his boss would be mad.
Photograph E
o-This is a photo of young boys dressed in alot of warm clothes working at a coal company. The place and the boys looks very dirty and covered in dust. there are no girls.
s-Why is it necessary for there to be a slave-driver? I infer that the boys were willing to work whatever job they could just to make a little money a day. They don't like putting up with the slave-driver, who made them stay obediant, but knew they had no choice if they wanted their small day's pay.
Photograph F
o-This is a photo of a lot of young boys working in a glass company. the factory and themselves look very dirty and some of the boys have grime smeared on their faces. There are alot of different machines and boys doing different tasks.
s-Do the older looking boys still live with their arents or do they have their own families?I infer that all of these boys come from families that need any money they can because they are poor. Some of these boys probably come from families with many sibling who also work and are sometimes neglected becasue the parents can't take care of all the siblings.
Photograph G
o-This is a photo of people of all different ages shucking oysters on a long rolling cart. they have dirty clothes on and are all crownded around the cart. there are some very young looking children there also. The shorter children have stepping stools so they can reach the table.
s-Why are the young babies there? Are they there because no one else is hime? Do they just stand there for more than 12 hours a day? I infer that these people have very difficult lives. That the families are poor and the whole family goes to work there everyday, even the young babies. When a child is old enought they go from standing there to actually working. Oyster shucking is dangerous and I bet that alot of youngsters who worked got injuries by not having experience. I also infer that once the family is home they eat the little ammount of food they have and sleep untill the moring shift starts.
Photograph H
o-This is a photo of a bunch of children walking into a large building. they are all wearing dirty clothes and lots of layers. It appears to be night and taht they are going to work.
s-Why don't they work the day shift? I infer that the workers come from poor families. the five sisters have to support the lazy dad. i infer that they wish they could have their own lives and that their dad would start working to help support them. I infer that as soon as they could the older sisters started working for at the time they had to supoort their young siblings. They work a 12 hour shift and I bet that they don't get to keep any other their salary to themselves and that the father spends it at the country store.

TR's square deal

1. How did Roosevelt create the modern presidency?
He took federal responsibility for the nation's welfare, leadership and publicity campaigns, assumed control when states were incapable, shape legislation, supported the common people.
2. How did Roosevelt's intervention in a coal strike set a precedent for federal arbitration?
When the federal government is a third party to mediate the dispute.
3. What did Roosevelt do to the trusts and railroads?
he gave the government more control over railroads by makimng it illegal for railraod official to give rebate for using particular railraods and they divided the railroad businesses, and made it so railroads had to notify the public of a change in rate. In trusts TR curbed the actions so they didn't hurt the public interest,and breaking up and wining some trusts.
4. What legislation passed during Roosevelt's presidency protected citizens?
The Pure Food and Drug Act made it a law that all medicine and foods sales could not be contaminated and called for truth in labeling.
5. What did Roosevelt do to protect the environment?
He put aside over 150 milllion acres to different national forest reserves, 1.5 millions of acres for water-power sites, several national parks and more than 50 wildlife santuaries

Urbanization

1. What is Urbanization?
Urbanization is the growth of cities, for example the Northeast and Midwest regions had an increase in urbanization because of the U.S.'s growing industrial strength.

2. For what reasons did a number of Americans move from the country to the cities?
Americans moved from the country to the city in need of jobs because of all the inventions that made farming easier, and not in need of as many laborers. The laborers moved top the cities in seek of work. African Americans also moved to cities to escape racial violence, economic hardship and political oppression.


3. What were the housing problems that many poor city dwellers faced?
Poor city dwellers lived in tenements that were over crowded and very unsanitary. The streets were also very unsanitary with manure, trash, sewage and dead animals cluttering the roads. Cities also had high crime rates, a small public water supply and since the tenements were made of would the cities were giant fire hazards.

immigration, cities

1. In the late nineteenth century many immigrants started coming over to America. Europenas came to America trying to avoid religious persecution or because of the population growth. The population was increasing so much that it was hard to find good land for farming. Also people came to America because of the reforms and revolts and sought independence in America. The Chinese were very interested in the Gold rush in California and immigrated to Western America. Japanese immigrated to America because Hawaian planters recruited them and the Japanese heard of the high wages in America.

2.Europeans had to go through Ellis Island to be admitted into the United States, whereas people in the West went through Angel Island. They had to be inspected by a doctor to see if they were healthy and wouldn't spread disease into the country. They also had to prove that they could work in the country and that they weren't criminals. Some of the tests took 5 hours and sometimes the people had to stay over night to wait for their inspection. There were also interpreters to translate for them and sometimes the interpreters helped the people because they didn't like watching people be deported. Only about 2% failed the tests and were sent back home.

Big Business and Labor Quiz

Laissez faire and Social Darwinism were crucial ideologies during the 19th century. Laissez faire means "allowed," as in big business owners were allowed to treat employees however they wanted because there were no laws against it. Since there were no laws against it there was nothing that laborers could do about it, so they started to create unions. Social Darwinism was an ideology that the wealthy were rich because they worked hard for it and the poor were poor because they don't work hard or smart enough. This had the effect on the laborers that being treated with poor conditions and wages was their fault. Carnegie also believed that there was nothing he could do to make the poor not poor anymore and that it was their own fault. The business ideologies had the effect on the laborers to create unions to try to get better overall working conditions.

Labor Unions and Big Business

Identify each of the following events or people. Give an explanation or description of the item. Answer the questions who, what, where, and when.

Explain the historical significance of each item in the space provided. Establish the historical context in which the item exists. Establish the item as the result of or as the cause of other factors existing in the society under study.
Answer this question: What were the political, social, economic, and/or cultural consequences of this item?

the Knights of Labor
a. Identification
The Knights of Labor's goal was to advert the idea of capitalism to make every man his own employer.
b. Significance
Their concept was to vague and soon diminished after failed strikes and no accomplishments towards their goal.
the Haymarket riot
a. Identification
In Chicago on May 1, 1886 was the country's largest spontaneous labor demonstration and mass strike took place.
b. Significance
In act of the Haymarket riot a military based was established and police forces were strengthened everywhere. Companies agreed to resist strikes and got striking insurance.
the American Federation of Labor
a. Identification
Focused on collective bargaining, or negotiations between represenatives of labor and management to reach written agreements on wages, hours, and working conditions.
b. Significance
Grew to 2.5 million and were very signifigant in getting workers their rights.
Samuel Gompers
a. Identification
Leader of the Cigar Makers' International Union, and president of the AFL.
b. Significance
Very powerful leader in the AFL and helped many people by getting them better working conditions.
the Homestead strike
a. Identification
In Homestead, Pennsylvania workers at an iron and steel company refused to accept pay cuts and in turn the company closed the plant and soon the strikers gave in.
b. Significance
This is signifigant because it shows how much power and control industrial companies had over their employees.
the Pullman strike
a. Identification
the Pullman strike was a protest to Pullman decreasing wages and increasing rent and store prices in the town where his employees worked and lived.
b. Significance
It was signifigant because the President at the time, Grover Cleveland had to go in and try to breakup the strike and the leader of the strike, Debs, was jailed even thought he was just standing up for what was right.
Eugene V. Debs
a. Identification
Invented the American Railway Union that was an industrial union with both skilled and unskilled laborers and leader of the Pullman strike.
b. Significance
Was put in jail for being the leader of the Homestead strike. this was signifigant because he was put in jail trying to help other's working conditions and was only trying to help.
the Industrial Workers of the World
a. Identification
Radical unionists and socialists invented the IWW a.k.a. the Wobblies with lumberers, miners, and cannery and dock workers including African Americans.
b. Significance
They espoused socialism and tactics of violence and sabotage.

ALL CLASSES: Read Chapter 14-3 and then identify the significance of each of the following terms / names: (Post your answers in your blog before the beginning of class.)
Andrew Carnegie: Carnegie left his job at Pennsylvania Railroad and controlled almost all of the nation's steel industry.
Social Darwinism: Some individuals of a species flourish and pass their traits along to the next generation, while others do not.
John D. Rockefeller: Established the Standard Oil Company and joined with other companies in trust agreements.
Sherman Antitrust Act: Illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with otrher countries.
Samuel Gompers: Leader of the Cigar Makers' International Union, and president of the AFL.
American Federation of Labor (AFL):Focused on collective bargaining, or negotiations between represenatives of labor and management to reach written agreements on wages, hours, and working conditions.
Eugene V. Debs: Invented the American Railway Union that was an industrial union with both skilled and unskilled laborers.
Industrial Workers of the World: Radical unionists and socialists invented the IWU a.k.a. the Wobblies with lumberers, miners, and cannery and dock workers including African Americans.
Mary Harris Jones: Organizer for the women's labor movement demanding equal pay for equal work.

Railroad Development

Th government was eager to promote the growth of the railroads because of all of the potential in the Western lands. The government wanted people to live and prosper in the new territiories. The U.S. had just got all this new land and wanted Americans to use the land and its recources to the fullest. The new territories would make new jobs that would need workers, who would make money, which in the end would help the nation's economy. The governament really wanted people to live there but the major problem was getting alot of people to go there ,and the government knew that they would not want to make the long trip The government knew that more people would explore the West if the journey wasn't so tedious, and railroads made the journey alot easier. The railroads in general were also an aid to the nation's economy. It supplied jobs for alot of people, building the tracks, making the steel and conducting the train. The government supported trains because they were a necessity for the nation to prosper.

Expansion of Industry

The three major factors that contributed to the immense technological boom was the plethera of natural resources, the government's support for industry, and the increasing urban population who had creative ideas and worked for cheap. Natural resources, such as coal iron and oil, were all major factors because the materials were practical for certain things. The natural resource, oil, was used for automobiles, and was called "black gold" because it was valuable. Iron was also very important because from it you could get steel. Steel was used for railroads, farm machines, barbed wire, skyscrapers and steel cables on bridges. The growing urban population was important because people made new technological discoveries and made jobs for people in factories where items were mass produced. Edison invented the incandescent light bulb which created electric power. Electric power meant that industry could be anywhere, not just near rivers. The inventions of the telephone and the typewriter made it so there were more jobs for women in clerical work and factory work. The industrial boom improved workers standards of living.

Westward Expansion Questions

1. The government wanted assimilation to work. So that the Native Americans would no longer be a problem for the government, they would be apart of the U.S.'s population. Assimilation didn't work mainly because the Native Americans did not like Americans. The Americans killed off the buffalo, which was an important Native Americans needed to survive. The Americans killed Native American chiefs and thousands of people and even children. The Americans didn't give the Native Americans any respect, even though the Native Americans were there first. The Dawes Act promised them land and money, in which the Native Americans lost 2/3 of their land and didn't get any money for the sales for the rest of their reservation. In other words, Americans did absolutely nothing to welcome the Native Americans to become apart of the white culture.
2. The governments efforts to promoe settlement of the Great Plains worked very well. Such as the Homestead Act, where 600,000 families migrated west after hearing about the free land and 2 million acres were claimed in Oklahoma. The government spent alot of money on railroads to places where land was sold cheap. Many immigrants moved to states such as Nebraska, Minnesota and Wisconsin when taking adavantage of the railroads. The railroads made it easier allow families to move to the western states from the eastern states. The Great Plains soon became populated with many farms and families.

Iraq War Q and A

Directions: Read Part I (Pages 1 - 12) and answer the short answer and extended response questions below. Then, read Part II (Pages 13 - 29) and answer the questions that follow. All answers are due either on your blog (label the post Iraq) or you can submit them in writing on Tuesday. (NOTE: There are two graphic organizers at the end of the readings to help you organize your information for Part II.)

Part I Questions:

Short Response

1. Where do most Kurds, Shi'a, and Sunnis live in Iraq?

Kurds: the mountainous regions in the north Shi'a: the south Sunnis: the less oil-rich areas

2. Which ethnic group(s) hold(s) power over the majority of oil reserves in Iraq?
The Shi'i

3. What is the main reason Britain become involved in Iraq?
The British wanted control over land that was rich in oil.

4. What did pan-Arabists advocate after World War II?
Pan-Arabists supported independence for the Middle east and to sever ties with Britain.

5. How was Saddam Hussein able to gain power and popularity in the 1970s?
He got rid of all of his enemies in the government and gave more freedom to women.

6. Why did the United States become involved in the Iran-Iraq War?
To help Iraq by giving them American weapons after Iran started to invade Kuwait ships.

7. Why did President George H.W. Bush (1989-93) bring the ground portion of the First Persian Gulf War to a halt? List two reasons.

a. Bush was concerned about the consequences of controlling a Iraq, a very weak country.

b. He also objected to completely defeating Iraq's army along with Saddam Hussein.

Extended Response:

8. What are the different ethnic and religious groups in Iraq? Why is it important to understand these differences?
The different ethnic groups in Iraq are the Kurds, the Shi'a and the Sunnis. The different religious groups are the Muslims and the Islamic people. It is important to understand the differences because they all have different beliefs. There are have conflicts between eachother because of those beliefs. The differences make it difficult for Iraq to unite as a country.

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Part II Questions:

Short Response

9. What dangers did President George W. Bush (2001-09) say Iraq posed to the region and the world? Name two.

a. Iraq's suspected weapons program.

b. Iraq's support of terrorism.

10. What were the U.S. government's declared goals in sending troops to Iraq?

a. To end Saddam Hussein's regime.

b. Also to uncover weapons of mass destruction.

11. List two reasons violence continues in Iraq.

a. People's possesion of illegal weapons.

b. the lack of an effective government which leads to local militia as a main protector.

Extended Response:

12. Describe the different groups involved in the ongoing conflict in Iraq. What are their goals? (Reasons for fighting)

Shi'a: To increase power in Iraq, resisting Sunni and U.S. dominance.

Sunni: To fight al Qaeda with the U.S. forces, resisting Shi'i and U.S. dominance

Kurd: Self-determination.

al Qaeda: Violence towards the U.S. to drive them out, also instigating civil war in Iraq.